{"id":173,"date":"2024-11-04T15:16:40","date_gmt":"2024-11-04T15:16:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wri101.vvb.dcreate.domains\/?p=173"},"modified":"2024-11-04T16:20:24","modified_gmt":"2024-11-04T16:20:24","slug":"secondary-source-blueprint-of-forman","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wri101.vvb.dcreate.domains\/?p=173","title":{"rendered":"Secondary Source Blueprint of Forman’s Argument"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

I. Citation:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Forman, James Jr. \u201cRacial Critiques of Mass Incarceration: Beyond the new Jim Crow.\u201d New York University Law Review, vol. 87, no. 1, April 2012, p. 21-69. HeinOnlineThesis Statement<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Thesis:<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Forman\u2019s Thesis:<\/strong> This Article argues that despite these important contributions, the Jim Crow analogy leads to a distorted view of mass incarceration. The analogy presents an incomplete account of mass incarceration’s historical origins, fails to consider black attitudes toward crime and punishment, ignores violent crimes while focusing almost exclusively on drug crimes, obscures class distinctions within the African American community, and overlooks the effects of mass incarceration on other racial groups. Finally, the Jim Crow analogy diminishes our collective memory of the Old Jim Crow’s particular harms (Forman 21).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

My Words<\/strong>: Forman contends that although the comparsion of the New Jim Crow and mass incarceration has served well to highlight the injustices of the seemingly neutral system that has in reality harshly “ostracizes offenders and [stigmatized] young, poor black men as criminals,” (Forman 21) the comparsion is not completely accurate and causes a distortion. Although it has some leverage, it lacks the nuances and details, leaving out the attituide of black peope towards crime and punishment, ignores violent crimes, the focus almost exclusively on drug crimes, and class distinctions within the African American community, and overlooks the effects of mass incarceration on other racial groups (Forman 21). This analogy also distorts the particular harm that was caused by the Old Jim Crow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

III. Analysis:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Forman begins by explaining the Jim Crow comparison some scholars have made between the problem of mass incarceration and Jim Crow, now titling it the New Jim Crow. He then provides a roadmap of how his article will go giving topics for what he will cover: historical context, birth of mass incarceration, obscuring black support for punitive crime policy, ignorning violence, obscuing class, overlooking race.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Forman also reinforces his Ethos in this topic and the community in which he is writing about where he write:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

“Before I turn to the argument itself, I would like to address a question that arose when I began presenting versions of this Article to readers familiar with my own opposition to our nation’s overly punitive criminal justice system. As an academic, I have written extensively about the toll that mass incarceration has taken on the African American community, and especially on young people in that community. I am also a former public defender who co-founded a school that educates young people who have been involved with the juvenile
justice system.” (Forman 24)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This then allowed Forman to set up two questions: “Don\u2019t you agree with much of what the New Jim Crow writers have to say?\u201d and \u201cWhy are you critiquing a point of view that is so closely aligned with your own?\u201d (Forman 24). He then goes to answer them immediately, helping to resolidify his place in the argument and what he is trying to say.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Forman then follows the roadmap he set up in the beginning. Carefully covering and going back to each part, helping the article flow and tie in to itself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I. He provides a brief history of the “New Jim Crow.” He describes how “a number of
writers began using the term to describe contemporary practices in the
late 1990s” (Forman 25). Forman than describes how the term even gained traction and supports using Michelle Alexander’s account to support this, mainly how she changed her view due to the War on Drugs. Which he then says is only one quater of the problem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

II. Forman covers the value of the analogy. Even admitting that ” those most familiar with our criminal justice system may fail to recognize how comprehensively we banish those who are convicted of crimes. I confess that I did not see the scope of the problem myself, even during my six years as a public defender” (Forman 28). But he then doubles down that his “objection to the Jim Crow analogy is based on what it obscures” (Forman 34). This is mainly because the analogy only focuses on what aspects most resemble Jim Crow in mass
incarceration. He states that “the analogy generates an incomplete account of mass incarceration-one in which most prisoners are drug offenders, violent crime and its victims merit only passing mention, and white prisoners are largely invisible” (Forman 34)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The rest of his article focusus on exactly the points he talks about.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

III. talks about the birth of mass incarceration and what gets obscured to fit the “New Jim Crow” analogy. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

IV. How black people supporting strict policies on crime and what gets obscured. Forman talks about how black people are now actors in determining the policies that sustain mass incarceration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V, VI, and VII all talk about aspects that are obscured and overlooked in order to fit the New Jim Crow analogy: violent crimes beinf overlooked, obscuring class, overlooking race. The three sections all speak to how mass incarceration has been remolded to fit this New Jim Crow anaolgy, which ties in VII where he speaks of the diminishing of the history of the Old Jim Crow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IV. Three Rhetorical Strategies:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. The usage of parts (The Roadmap). Forman not only used them to separate\/organize his argument but used them in his writing as well.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Example: Part I tracks the analogy’s history, documenting its increasing prominence in the scholarly literature on race and crime. Part II explores the analogy’s usefulness, pointing out that it is extraordinarily compelling in some respects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    (Forman 22)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    But, as I argue in Parts III through VIII, the Jim Crow analogy also obscures much that matters. Part III shows how the Jim Crow analogy, by highlighting the role of politicians seeking to exploit racial fears while minimizing other social factors, oversimplifies the origins of mass incarceration. Part IV demonstrates that the analogy has too little to say about black attitudes toward crime and punishment, masking the nature and extent of black support for punitive crime policy. Part V explains how the analogy’s myopic focus on the War on Drugs diverts us from discussing violent crime-a troubling oversight given that violence destroys so many lives in low-income black communities and that violent offenders make up a plurality of the prison population. Part VI argues that the Jim Crow analogy obscures the fact that mass incarceration’s impact has been almost exclusively concentrated among the most disadvantaged African Americans. Part VII argues that the analogy draws our attention away from the harms that mass incarceration inflicts on other racial groups, including whites and Hispanics. Part VIII argues that the analogy diminishes our understanding of the particular harms associated with the Old Jim Crow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    (Forman 23)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    1. Useage of questions in a strong way<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      Example: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

      “questions: 1) “Don’t you agree with much of what the New Jim Crow writers have to say?” and 2) “Why are you critiquing a point of view that is so closely aligned with your own?” I hope to clarify this Article’s broader goals by providing brief answers to those questions here.” (Forman 24)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      “Don’t you agree with much of what the New Jim Crow writers have to say? In a word, yes. The New Jim Crow writers have drawn attention to a profound social crisis, and I applaud them for that. Low-income and undereducated African Americans are currently incarcerated at unprecedented levels. The damage is felt not just by those who are locked up, but by their children, families, neighbors, and the nation as a whole.” (Forman 24)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      “Why are you critiquing a point of view that is so closely aligned with your own? Although the New Jim Crow writers and I agree more often than we disagree, the disagreements matter. I believe that the Jim Crow analogy neglects some important truths and must be criticized in the service of truth. I also believe that we who seek to counter mass incarceration will be hobbled in our efforts if we misunderstand its causes and consequences in the ways that the Jim Crow analogy invites us to do.” (Forman 24)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      1. There are just strong tie-ins. Everything comes back together even though there is a lot of content in the article. It never feels like too much; it all flows together and comes back together.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

        -Pledge VVB<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        I. Citation: Forman, James Jr. \u201cRacial Critiques of Mass Incarceration: Beyond the new Jim Crow.\u201d New York University Law Review, vol. 87, no. 1, April 2012, p. 21-69. HeinOnlineThesis Statement II. Thesis: Forman\u2019s Thesis: This Article argues that despite these important contributions, the Jim Crow analogy leads to a distorted view of mass incarceration. The … <\/p>\n

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